EBA


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Five Hundred Arhats - Stone Bridge of Tiantai

Ink and color on silk

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Five Hundred Arhats - Ascending Auspicious Sign

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Five Hundred Arhats - Offering from Monks and Devottees

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Five Hundred Arhats - Patching Robes

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Five Hundred Arhats - Giving to the Poor and Hungry

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Five Hundred Arhats - Receiving Offerings from Foreigners

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Five Hundred Arhats - Witnessing Light from a Relic

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Five Hundred Arhats - Meditation in a Cave

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Five Hundred Arhats - Manifesting as Avalokitesvara

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Five Hundred Arhats - Classic Miracle

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Five Hundred Arhats - Feeding the Hungry Ghosts

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Five Hundred Arhats - Laundering

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Five Hundred Arhats - Admiring a Painting Beneath Trees

五百羅漢圖

中國

原圖計有百幅,其中六幅早佚,日本江戶時代寬永十五年(1638)補作。另有十二幅於明治時代(1868~1912)自日本流入美國,現十幅藏於波士頓美術館,二幅藏於弗利爾美術館。日本大德寺現存八十二幅。據其中幾幅畫作上之金泥題記得知,唐天祐元年(904),明州(今浙江寧波)惠安院青山頂有十六羅漢化現,羅漢信仰遂於此地興起。此組五百羅漢圖乃惠安院僧人義紹於南宋淳熙五年(1178)勸募繪製,約歷十年完成,供奉於惠安院,題記中留有執筆作畫林庭珪、周季常及無數供養者姓名。此作不僅有創作年代、地點和作者,更是世界僅存的南宋(1127~1279)以前之五百羅漢圖,為繪畫史上珍貴的遺品。藏大德寺之八十二幅現為日本重要文化財。
 此百幅作品,每幅高111公分,寬53公分,各畫五位羅漢,羅漢身側多伴隨侍者及供養人等。羅漢或參禪論道,或顯現神通,或接受供養,或縫補衲衣,或布施貧飢,或飯施餓鬼,或降伏外道,或宴坐禪定,或閱經論法,主要表現羅漢於末法中,住世護法,隨機化現,饒益有情等特性。其中「經典奇瑞」內容取材自佛教史上著名的佛、道鬥法;「縫補衲衣」、「臨流滌衣」則間接反映了寺院僧人的日常生活;「天台石橋」,由於羅漢信仰於此地興起時,即以天台山為主要根據地,圖中可見岩橋橫跨絕壁及寺宇隱現於雲端,描繪的應是天台山石橋的羅漢居所。
 此一百幅羅漢圖中或有將僧義紹與繪者周季常、林庭珪以及功德主的形象畫入圖中。如「應身觀音」,畫中兩位各持毛筆和紙的人,或為目睹羅漢化現十一面觀音,欲描繪下來的畫家周季常和林庭珪;「僧俗供養」,表現的則應是功德主供養五百羅漢的情景。
 圖中羅漢形貌有別,顰伸俯仰,姿態各殊,或老或少;有作胡貌梵相,深目大鼻,有為漢族比丘,修眉細目。侍者和供養人則為當時在家居士的真實寫照,描繪生動傳神。通幅畫風,勾勒精謹細緻,層次分明,構圖亦多具變化,人物配置在樹石雲水之間,相得益彰。
 整體敷色以青、綠等冷色為基調,兼施以鮮麗的紅或朱紅等暖色。諸羅漢衣著鮮豔,描繪細膩,與身側的侍者、供養人或諸鬼等眾,對比鮮明。此作工筆細膩,具南宋院派作風,在細節描繪上,帶有細膩裝飾效果的紋飾和圖案,如「雲中示現」,可見羅漢重色的袈裟上,飾滿點狀式小而繁複的幾何圖形,極具華麗和細緻的視覺效果。
 總觀各幅的畫意筆致大致相類,林庭珪和周季常二人筆法亦相近,唯周季常描線較柔和,用筆纖秀,而林庭珪的線條勁味稍強;作品中可見二者融合諸家筆法。二人在中國畫史上無傳載,推定是民間畫工。

For more details, go to the Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, page 242.

Cite this article:

Hsingyun, et al. "Five Hundred Arhats." Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, vol. 14, 2016, pp. 242.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Youlu, Graham Wilson, Manho, Mankuang, and Susan Huntington. 2016. "Five Hundred Arhats" In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, 14:242.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Youlu, Wilson, G., Manho, Mankuang, & Huntington, S.. (2016). Five Hundred Arhats. In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H (Vol. 14, pp. 242).
@misc{Hsingyun2016,
author = Hsingyun and Youheng and Youlu and Wilson, Graham and Manho and Mankuang and Huntington, Susan,
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H},
pages = 242,
title = {{Five Hundred Arhats}},
volume = 14,
year = {2016}}


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