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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Vairocana Buddha

Ink and color on silk

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Avalokitesvara

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Eight Classes of Dharma Protectors

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Deities of the West and North Mountains

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Hell Guardians

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Eight Cold and Eight Hot Hells

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Filial Descendants

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Torn Families and Slaves

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Soldiers Looting and Murdering Civilians

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Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection - Wounded Soldiers and People Burning in Buildings

寶寧寺水陸畫

原山西省右玉縣寶寧寺

此堂水陸畫原屬山西省右玉縣寶寧寺。約繪製於明天順元年至四年(1457~1460)。清康熙四十四年(1705)及嘉慶二十年(1815)曾先後重新裝裱,二○○○年部分佛、菩薩像重新裝裱。現全堂水陸畫藏於山西博物院,是現存最完整的一套水陸畫之一。據清康熙四十四年重裱題記:「寺中相傳,有敕賜鎮邊水陸一堂,妙相莊嚴,非尋常筆跡所同。」推斷此堂不同於一般民間水陸畫,為宮廷畫師所作,目地為「鎮邊」。
 水陸法會,全稱「法界聖凡水陸普度大齋勝會」,又稱水陸道場。據《釋門正統》卷四載,梁武帝(502~549在位)蕭衍夜夢神僧教設水陸齋,普濟六道四生群靈,而後帝披覽經論,依阿難遇面然鬼王一事,建立平等斛食之意,製作儀文,修水陸齋於金山寺。在水陸法會上懸掛水陸畫代表法會邀請的對象。水陸畫分上堂及下堂;上堂邀請的有諸佛、菩薩、聲聞、緣覺、明王、金剛及護法諸天等,下堂是六道眾生。
 此堂水陸畫共計一百三十九幅,其中包括清代(1644~1911)重裱題記二幅和水陸緣起圖一幅,其餘一百三十六幅為明代(1368~1644)原作,內容包括諸佛九幅,菩薩十幅,明王十幅,十六羅漢八幅,面然鬼王像一幅,其餘畫天界、地府、往古眾生等。除佛、菩薩及面然鬼王外,每幅畫面均標明畫作名稱及懸掛順序。
 畫中以超度往古眾生為主題的雇典婢奴、饑荒餓殍、棄離妻子、枉濫無辜、赴刑都市、兵戈盜賊、軍陣傷殘、水飄蕩滅等,旨在說明人生是苦、無常,勸人皈依三寶,並反映當時的某些社會現況,具藝術及歷史價值。如火焚屋宇軍陣傷殘等眾圖,描寫殘軍敗將棄甲曳兵而逃;近景為焚燒的房舍,一片火海中三人被困掙扎,反映了戰爭的殘酷。往古雇典婢奴棄離妻子孤魂眾圖,表現遭休棄的妻子和被典賣的奴婢其悲慘遭遇。兵戈盜賊諸孤魂眾圖,表現士兵濫殺無辜及強搶民女的情形。
 此堂水陸畫均以細絹為地,畫中人物造型豐滿,比例準確,神態形貌刻劃生動。描繪臉部、手指、毛髮及衣帶等細部的不同質感,線條纖細,毫髮畢現。畫中藉裝飾線條的疏密及比例的大小,強調人物的主次關係。服飾以明代為主。敷色鮮明,以紅綠強烈的對比色,體現明代人物畫風格;白線用蛤粉繪成,至今明亮如新。畫面所繪人物眾多,皆以工筆重彩繪製,同時使用泥金技法,富麗堂皇。

For more details, go to the Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, page 92.

Cite this article:

Hsingyun, et al. "Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection." Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, vol. 14, 2016, pp. 92.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Youlu, Graham Wilson, Manho, Mankuang, and Susan Huntington. 2016. "Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection" In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H, 14:92.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Youlu, Wilson, G., Manho, Mankuang, & Huntington, S.. (2016). Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection. In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H (Vol. 14, pp. 92).
@misc{Hsingyun2016,
author = Hsingyun and Youheng and Youlu and Wilson, Graham and Manho and Mankuang and Huntington, Susan,
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Painting A-H},
pages = 92,
title = {{Baoning Temple: Water and Land Dharma Service Collection}},
volume = 14,
year = {2016}}


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