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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat (detail); Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Ming dynasty

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1070; H: 164 cm

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat (detail); Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat (detail); Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066; H: 155 cm

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Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhat; Northern Song dynasty, dated 1066

靈巖寺羅漢像

中國

位於千佛殿,計四十尊泥塑羅漢像,主要有鐵胎和木胎兩種。一九八二年維修羅漢像時,從部分塑像腹腔內發現五銖錢、開元通寶和宋代(960~1279)前三朝銅幣、銅鏡、絲製內臟及墨書題記等文物。其中在納子密行尊者像體腔內壁發現匠師墨書題記「蓋忠立齊州臨邑治平三年(1066)六月」;另在摩訶羅老比丘尊者像內剝離出一尊鐵鑄羅漢,姿態與外層泥塑羅漢相同,其座壇鑄有「大宋興德長清縣和平鄉天花南管寺莊侯丘三村首創鐵鑄羅漢都維那頭李宗平時熙寧三年(1070)歲次庚戌□月□日……」。據題記等推斷,羅漢群像塑於治平三年,計三十二尊,原可能供奉於般舟殿,元致和元年(1328)曾加妝塑,後來殿堂傾坍。明萬曆十五年(1587)重修千佛殿,約於此時,將殘存的二十七尊宋塑羅漢遷入殿內,並依殿內空間布局,增塑至四十尊。
 羅漢坐像高約145~165公分,比真人高大。依據後來添修的木牌榜題名號,群像中有二十九尊為梵僧,十一尊是漢僧,漢僧中有靈巖寺開山祖師朗公、中國禪宗初祖菩提達摩、廬山蓮社慧遠、禪宗二祖慧可等。
 羅漢形態或拄杖深思,或結印靜定,或揮掌議論,或振拳答辯,或揚指說法,或側耳傾聽;表情有慈祥和藹,有專注冥思,有嚴肅威儀,有蹙眉仰望,有目光冷峻,有慷慨激昂,有會心微笑,有意氣風發,個性鮮明,風格寫實,反映出禪門人物之修行風貌。羅漢皆著兩層右衽交領僧衣,外披袈裟,衣紋剛勁,又富於質感。
 四十尊羅漢中尤以宋塑技藝高超,其以形寫神,以神表情,以情現心;臉形一般比較瘦削,鼻梁高,眉弓隆起,五官輪廓清晰,袒露的胸骨和鎖骨、青筋脈絡清晰,塑造符合解剖原理。造像注重人物不同性格和精神狀態的刻劃,如雙桂堂神通破山和尚雖左手托巾,右手拈物,但神情並不在物,似在甚深禪定中。羅漢神態正體現「說似一物即不中」、「道不得」的禪境界。
 羅漢群像坐於80公分高之磚砌束腰壁壇上,與唐朝(618~907)懷海禪師於禪門規約中制定在禪堂設置長連牀坐禪的制度相符。

For more details, go to the Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Sculpture G-M, page 606.

Cite this article:

Hsingyun, et al. "Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhats." Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Sculpture G-M, vol. 11, 2016, pp. 606.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Yann Lovelock, Yuan Chou, Susan Huntington, Gary Edson, and Robert Neather. 2016. "Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhats" In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Sculpture G-M, 11:606.
Hsingyun, Youheng, Lovelock, Y., Chou, Y., Huntington, S., Edson, G., & Neather, R.. (2016). Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhats. In Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Sculpture G-M (Vol. 11, pp. 606).
@misc{Hsingyun2016,
author = Hsingyun and Youheng and Lovelock, Yann and Chou, Yuan and Huntington, Susan and Edson, Gary and Neather, Robert,
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Sculpture G-M},
pages = 606,
title = {{Lingyan Temple Thousand Buddha Hall: Arhats}},
volume = 11,
year = {2016}}


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