
Red-character rectangular seal
This vertically-formatted rectangular seal makes a reference to all of the disciples that the Buddha taught during his lifetime. In addition, the term can be extended to include any person who follows his teachings.
The seal characters were engraved with straight lines surrounded by a double border. Each character is separated by a horizontal line, which is a feature seen in brick scripts of the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE); this characteristic indicates the engraver’s deep knowledge of ancient writings.
Ding Foyan, originally named Shiyi and also known as Tongsheng, was a calligrapher and seal engraver from Huangxian (present day Longkou, Shandong). He was particularly interested in collecting artwork, and was an expert in discerning originals from copies.
For more details, go to the Encyclopedia of Buddhist Arts: Calligraphy, page 295.