Saidaiji Temple: Twelve Heavenly Beings

JAPAN, Nara; Heian period

The Twelve Heavenly Beings, ancient Indian gods integrated into Buddhism as Dharma protectors, are each associated with a certain direction or realm. They are Vaisravana of the north, Isana of the northeast, Sakra of the east, Agni of the southeast, Yama of the south, Raksasa of the southwest, Varuna of the west, Vayu of the northwest, as well as Brahma, Prthivi, Surya, and Candra, who guards the heaven, earth, sun, and moon respectively. These 12 paintings dating from mid-9th century are based on descriptions in the Vajrasekhara Yogahoma Liturgy. They are the oldest existing depictions of the Twelve Heavenly Beings and an excellent example of early Heian period art. In 1952, the set was listed as a National Treasure.
The Twelve Heavenly Beings have nimbuses, ride on animals, and appear as Bodhisattvas, warriors, or sages. Each figure is accompanied by two attendants in smaller sizes and has a circular nimbus in light color, set against the floating clouds. Although the images have worn out, the contrasting colors of red and green remain apparent. The robustness of the figures is depicted using the wash technique, and the delicate outlines and gentle colors are characteristic of Nara period (710–794) paintings.