Toji Temple: Mandalas of the Two Realms

JAPAN, Kyoto; Heian period

The Mandalas of the Two Realms are symbolic depictions of the Womb Realm described in the Mahavairocana Sutra and the Diamond Realm from the Vajrasekhara Sutra. These two mandalas were painted in the 9th century and are kept in Toji Temple. Sometimes known as the “Shingonin Mandalas” due to their importance in Shingon Buddhism. They use geometric designs and vivid figures to illustrate Vajrayana cosmology. Along with another set kept in Jingoji Temple, they are the oldest colored mandalas produced in Japan. In 1953, they were listed as a National Treasure.
The Womb Realm Mandala, also known as the Mandala of Principle or the Mandala of Cause, is a representation of the metaphysical or objective world. The mandala is divided into twelve halls arranged in three tiers. The Eight Petal Hall in the center is occupied by Vairocana Buddha, who embodies the power to liberate sentient beings. Some 409 deities including Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Wisdom Kings are carefully arranged within the picture.
The Diamond Realm Mandala, also known as the Mandala of Wisdom, is associated with the spiritual and subjective world. It is divided into nine panels and is meant to be viewed starting from the central panel, looking down, and then moving in a clockwise direction, symbolizing the path of practice. The One-Mudra Assembly above the central panel represents the ultimate refuge in Vairocana Buddha taken by the 1,461 other deities in the mandala.
The bright white bodies of the figures stand out from the colorful background. They have rounded faces, full bodies, and slim waists. The use of color washes and delicate gold lines indicates the painting of these mandalas by highly skilled artists.