Longmen Grotto 1280: Vairocana Buddha

CHINA, Henan, Luoyang; Tang dynasty

This 17.14 m high Vairocana Buddha is the largest statue in the Longmen Grottoes. The stele on the right side of the throne indicates that Emperor Gaozong (reigned 649–683) of the Tang dynasty initiated plans to build the niche, and Empress Wu Zetian (reigned 684–705) donated personal funds for the construction. Master Shandao of Shiji Temple, Master Huijian of Fahai Temple, and officials Weiji and Fan Xuanze supervised the construction of the niche.
The central Buddha has curled hair, a large usnisa, and a square face with round cheeks and a benevolent, downcast gaze. Seated in full lotus position on an octagonal lotus throne, the thick, broad body is covered by loose monastic robes with U-shaped folds. The three-layered nimbus extending to the top of the niche consists of lotus petals, seven Buddha triads, and flame pattern. Decorated with apsaras and flames, the large mandorla occupies half of the wall surface. The Buddha is flanked by disciples Mahakasyapa and Ananda, along with two Bodhisattvas, two Heavenly Kings, two warriors, and figures making offerings. The set of statues is among the most significant imperial sculptural representations of the Tang dynasty.