Yungang Grotto 6: Illustration of the Vimalakirti Sutra

CHINA, Shanxi, Datong; Northern Wei dynasty

Located in the center of the front (south) wall between the doorway and the window, the carvings in this house-shaped niche illustrate the “Chapter on the Practices of the Bodhisattvas” from the Vimalakirti Sutra, an early Mahayana scripture. The sutra highlights the philosophy of emptiness through the discussion of the Dharma which takes place between Vimalakirti, a lay practitioner, and Manjusri Bodhisattva. Illustrations of the Vimalakirti Sutra became particularly popular during the second phase of construction at Yungang Grottoes. This niche is similar in layout and style to another carving in Bingling Temple Cave 169 that depicts the same chapter from this sutra. In both depictions, Sakyamuni Buddha is depicted in the center, flanked by Vimalakirti and Manjusri Bodhisattva.
In this carving, Sakyamuni Buddha sits with eyes partially closed and with a serene expression. The Buddha has curled hair, a high usnisa, and wears a loose robe tied at the waist. The draped hem of the garment is spread out before the throne. Behind the Buddha are multi-layered nimbus and mandorla decorated with images of seated Buddhas and flame patterns.
Manjusri Bodhisattva is depicted on the left, seated barefoot on a low platform. Manjusri wears a headdress, stole, and long, loose robe. The head is tilted slightly to one side, and one hand is raised, as if the Bodhisattva is engaging in discussion. On the right side of the niche is Vimalakirti, depicted wearing a peaked cap and a long robe belted at the waist. He holds a fan in one hand, and leans back upon the other. The wall behind the figures is carved with apsaras and figures making offerings.