North Xiangtangshan Grotto 9: Deities

CHINA, Hebei, Handan; Northern Qi dynasty

These deities are depicted on each side of the base of the central pillar in Grotto 9. The identities of these figures can be determined by their characteristics and the objects held in their hands. These deities include the Elephant Deity, Wind Deity, Fire Deity, River Deity, and Tree Deity. Deities were commonly depicted during the Northern Wei dynasty (386–534). They also appear in the Longmen Grottoes, Gongxian Caves, and other caves that were constructed during the Northern Dynasties (386–581).
Both the Fire Deity and Elephant Deity are located on the west side of the central pillar with the Fire Deity located on the left and the Elephant Deity on the right. The Fire Deity sits in the royal ease posture within a niche and has a mustache, square hat, armor, and riding boots. The right hand is placed in the lap and the left hand is held in front of the chest, both holding sculpted flames. The Elephant Deity sits in the royal ease posture, wearing boots and holding objects in both hands.
The Tree Deity and River Deity are depicted on the north side of the pillar, with the Tree Deity featured on the right. The Tree Deity has suffered damage to the head and legs but branches growing from the figure’s abdomen are still clearly visible. The branches extend upward across both shoulders. The River Deity wears a headdress and armor and a fish lies across the statue’s shoulders. The River Deity’s right hand is placed on the knee, and the left supports the fish’s head.
In the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, Avatamsaka Sutra, and Sutra on Maitreya Attaining Buddhahood, the Deities were listed after the disciples, Bodhisattvas and the Eight Classes of Dharma Protectors, as part of the assembly listening to the Buddha’s teaching. They protect the Dharma and possess certain supernatural powers and virtues.