Yulin Cave 10: Ceiling

CHINA, Gansu, Guazhou; Western Xia period

The pyramidal ceiling of this cave is considered to contain some of the better decorative artwork from the Western Xia period (1032–1227). A circle within a square filled with nine Buddhas arranged in the shape of a blooming lotus is depicted at the center of the ceiling. This image depicts the Mandala of the Nine Grades of Rebirth, with each form differentiated by a mudra displayed by each Buddha. The Buddha in the center represents the highest grade of the highest class, with the other eight Buddhas representing the other grades. The space around the inner circle is surrounded by a floral pattern. This painting lacks many common elements typically included in a mandala, such as Bodhisattvas, heavenly beings, and inner and outer courts. This is the only ceiling painted in this style within the Yulin Caves.
The remainder of the ceiling, which surrounds the inner circle, consists of numerous decorative borders. Altogether, there are 14 patterns that include tortoiseshell, rectangular, beaded, lotus, scroll leaf, floral, birds, animals, and other intricate designs. The outer edge is framed by a valance design. The animals depicted among the scroll leaf and floral patterns give life to an otherwise rigid design. They include dragons, phoenixes, lions, elephants, winged horses, and parrots. Colors within the mural are integrated and harmonious, with mineral green and red ocher prominently featured.